The Intersectionality Of Race And Sex - 1844 Words

Dashanna Cooke Mr. Jones ENGL 110AQ 3/19/2017 The Intersectionality of Race and Sex in How to Make Love to a Negro Without Getting Tired Dany Laferrià ¨re was born Windsor Klà ©ber Laferrià ¨re in Port-au-Prince, Haiti on April 13, 1953. His father, the mayor of Port-au-Prince and under-secretary of state for trade, was forced into exile which left Laferrià ¨re and his mother. Fearing reprisals, Laferrià ¨re’s mother entrusted her four-year-old son to his grandmother at the Haitian seaside town of Petit-Goave. Laferrià ¨re, who grew up during the Duvalier regime, became a journalist and a radio broadcaster. In 1976 after the assassination of his colleague, with whom he was working on a story with, Laferrià ¨re fled Haiti and immigrated to Canada after†¦show more content†¦We see the world outside the apartment from the narrator’s wanderings through the streets of Montrà ©al. The unidentified narrator is writing a novel about his experiences with hopes that it would lead to him having fame and fortune. How to Make Love revisits the subjects of history, race, slavery, racism, class, and the definition of what constitutes a Negro. The title of the novel itself explores the way the Western world stereotypes the black man’s body as a sexual object, both terrible and mesmerizing in its animal-like savagery. Laferrià ¨re’s novel, How to Make Love to a Negro without Getting Tired, approaches the thematic exploration of racial and sexual tension, exclusion and alienation, class consciousness, and the multiplicity of exploitation. Laferrià ¨re draws an intersection of race and sexuality through satirical humor and pushing it to its absurd and comical consequences. The narrator is aware of the sexual stereotypes that are unconsciously labeled on him as with the almost self-righteous, obsession that white women seem to be fascinated by him, but he does not necessarily condemn nor shy away from these stereotypes. On certain occasions, it seems like the narrator revels in being seen as something exotic to the white McGill girls that he chases. In a particular passage, the narrator basks in the act of political rebellion he seems to be committing by sleeping with white women. AsShow MoreRelatedIntersectionality Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesI will try to explain intersectionality. First of all you need to know what intersectionality is. Intersectionality is a theoretical framework which explains violence or discrimination against humans. Now I will give you an example and then try to connect it to intersectionality. I will use an example of spider web to explain this theory. This example will give you some idea about intersectionality. Think about a spider web. A Point in the centre and all threads connected to each other. If we removeRead MoreA Woman s Experience With The Law Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pagesdimensions of â€Å"race, class, gender and sexuality†¦ in relation to their struggle against racial, sexual, sexual orientation and class oppr ession† (Lockhart Mitchell, 2010, p.7). Law and legal processes hardly examine other characteristics of women because these institutions are centred on â€Å"objectivity and universalism† (Marchetti, 2008, p.156); only one characteristic or experience is examined to determine the outcome of a case. The objective of this essay is to explore the intersectionality of womenRead MoreThe Intersection Of Race And Sex1329 Words   |  6 PagesIntersectionality is defined by social categories, such as race and gender that have interconnected to apply to individuals and groups, causing an overlap, which has consequently created a system of discrimination and disadvantages (English Oxford Living Dictionary, 2016). Kimberle Crenshaw coined the term in her article ‘Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Anti-racist Politics’ (1889) whereby her main focusRead MoreGender Inequality And Racial Inequality Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesand intertwined, each other creating complex interactions and a negative influence upon society. In the 1980s, Kimberle Williams Crenshaw through her article, named Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, introduced the term â€Å"Intersectionality.† Intersectionality, is the theory of how different types of discriminations interact thus, goes hand in hand with Judith Butler, in her article titled â€Å"Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An EssayRead MoreFeminism And The World Of The 2016 Election884 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism and Intersectionality are at the forefront of the 2016 election. W hile feminism is still viewed in somewhat limited terms of promoting the equality and status of women, Intersectionality is defined in much broader language, as the interconnection of race, gender, ability, and class in the social world. Moreover, all of these intersecting categories overlap and cannot be separated. Thus, the traditional view of feminism, that promotes the equality of women first and foremost, is often pittedRead MoreThe Theory Of Intersectionality And Gender Inequality1238 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of intersectionality has received a widespread of various distinct definitions and usage; it is often unclear of its designed function may be. Intersectionality is defined as â€Å"the acknowledgment that different forms of identity-based discrimination can combine to give rise to unique brands of injustice†(Lucas 8). In other words, how the classification of one’s individuality such as gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class can intert wine with each other among the social structureRead MoreA Critique Of The New Policies On Elite Female Athletes1152 Words   |  5 Pages -policies of sex-testing are intended for women with high androgen levels (hyperandrogenism) -there is a focus on the testosterone hormone since it is presumed that women who have a high level of testosterone have an unfair advantage against other women. -women known or suspected to have hyperandrogenism would be allowed to compete only if they agreed to medical intervention or if they were found to be â€Å"insensitive† to androgens. -Caster Semenya who won the women s 800 meter race was questionedRead MoreGender Inequality And Racial Prejudice1130 Words   |  5 PagesTraditionally, most of these rigid views have supported the dominance of men and the subservience of women in most social structures. In her article entitled: Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, Kimberle Williams Crenshaw introduced the term â€Å"Intersectionality.† Intersectionality is the theory that different types of discriminations interact with one another. This notion goes hand in hand with Judith Butler’s ideas described her article titled â€Å"PerformativeRead MoreStudent Dress Code Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pagesnegative way. The superintended of this high school has enforced this new dress code to improve the learning environment for all students. This goal of this body positive environment is to allow every student to be treated equally no matter what their race, sex, gender identity, culture or body type is (Heller, 2017). Evanston Township High School does not forbid specific fits or style of clothing or humiliate those who express themselves through their clothing. However, there are still some restrictionsRead MoreFeminism And The Second Wave Feminist Movement1473 Words   |  6 PagesIntersectionality underscores that it is impossible to consider gender in isolation from other forms of difference. Critically discuss the significance of this, including its implications for feminism. Refer to at least 3 readings in the unit read from weeks 1-6. Intersectionality provides a key structure for analysing oppression and privilege in our modern and diverse society. Views of intersectionality have changed rapidly throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Many aspects of the

Dna With Natural Catalysts - 902 Words

The approach described above is novel and original because we are integrating the high level of programmability of DNA with natural catalysts, which are very significant to progress in many different scientific fields. Such integration enables coupling of enzymes to circuits that are capable of decision making and self-regulation, leading to an unprecedented level of control of catalytic reactions. To achieve our objectives, we will develop methods to systematically design, model and test both dynamic and structural components. We will also create software and mathematical tools that can predict the dynamic behavior of individual catalytic modules and multi-modular circuits. When compared to existing techniques and protocols for multi-enzyme reactions, our system has multiple advantages: (1) Multi-enzyme reactions typically require laborious purification after each step and this can also result in loss of valuable sample. By sequestering enzymes within a crystal and then activating each enzyme one after another in proper order, we can avoid purification steps between each reaction. Leakage of enzymes from crystal lattice can be pre- vented using semi-permeable blockades that will block enzymes by will allow the substrate to pass in and out. (2) Enclosure inside crystal lattices will provide additional stability and protective cover to sensitive enzymes, thus keeping them active and stable for longer periods of time. (3) In case of multi-enzyme reactions, sequestering allShow MoreRelatedRna World Theory, A Possible Theory For Life Origin. I1534 Words   |  7 Pagesan RNA molecule is produced with the right sequence and folded into the right shape to hav e the ability to replicate itself. This step will take time because this is a random process. After self-replication, RNAs will undergo a process similar to natural selection. In this selection, RNA with the ability to better replicate or have organism to protect itself from outside will become dominate in the RNA pool. The selection goes on, and finally, there is one RNA â€Å"evolve† to have the ability to formRead MoreRna World : A Possible Theory For Life Origin1490 Words   |  6 Pagesvents activities, is a very possible theory for life’s origin on Earth. RNA still serves important roles in cell now. It still participant into some reaction as enzyme. It is also a vital medium in protein synthesis because it is the main molecules in DNA translation and transcription (wiki, translation) (wiki, transcription). The RNA world theory is a widely-supported theory for the origin of life. â€Å"The RNA world theory is widely accepted by origin-of-life theorist† (R icardo and Szostak 2009) The processRead MoreThe Chemistry Within Oncology And Cancer1174 Words   |  5 PagesWhole-body hyperthermia(American Cancer Society,2013). Local hyperthermia uses very high temperatures that can destroy the DNA of tumors that are cancerous. High temperatures can also kill or injure normal cells and tissues in your body. Regional or whole-body hypothermia is raising the temperature, to part or the whole body,by a few degrees than normal. The BX Energy Catalyst is also another efficient cancer treatment. By its high photocatalytic bactericidal activity it is able to rely on low concentrationRead MoreNucleic Acids785 Words   |  4 PagesGenetics). Biochemists have succeeded in deciphering the code, that is, determining how the sequence of nucleic acids dictates the structure of proteins. The two classes of nucleic acids are the deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and the ribonucleic acids (RNA). The backbones of both DNA and RNA molecules are shaped like helical strands. Their molecular weights (see Molecule) are in the millions. To the backbones are connected a great number of smaller molecules (side groups) of four different types (seeRead MoreA Research Study On Genetic Engineering Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic engineering is a straight use of an organism s genome by the use of biotechnology. New DNA may be inserted into the host genome by first and copying the genetic material of interest by the use molecular emulating methods to create a DNA order, or by producing the DNA, and then injecting this concept into the host organism. I think in the future 50 years, the use of hormones can enable the production of higher quality carcasses, and increases the rate of muscle development (Bruce, D., BruceRead MoreThe Origin Of Species By Charles Darwin1689 Words   |à ‚  7 Pagesis true. The evidence that supports evolution nowadays would be DNA testing and fossil records. The main book where we get out information about evolution is in Origin of Species’ by Charles Darwin. In his book, Darwin introduced the concept of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection is the process in which the organisms which are better suited for their environment. According to Darwin, there are four major points to natural selection. The first point is overproduction, indicating thatRead MoreEssay on Gold Nano Particles551 Words   |  3 Pagesresonance, surface enhanced Raman scattering, electrical, magnetic, thermal conductivity chemical and bio stability and anti-bacterial activity [7-13]. Besides, Gold nano particles have widely been used as the platform materials in the field of drug and DNA delivery systems[14-15]. Most of the available methods for the synthesis of gold nano particles involve photo chemical reduction (16), chemical reduction (17), and electro chemical reduction (18). The reagents can be inorganic compounds such as Na/KBH4Read MoreChemistry And Biochemical Engineering : The Fields Of Synthetic Biology And Chemical Engineering1270 Words   |  6 Pageshas not yet been possible via chemistry alone. Thus, applying the synthetic biology toolbox to harness the amazing diversity and capability of protein-based catalysts for accelerating metabolic engineering efforts is of great interest. Of particular interest in biotechnology are medicines derived from natural products. Oftentimes, natural product pathways encoding for high-value materials are discovered in higher eukaryotes (such as plants), so it is advantageous to port these biosynthesis pathwaysRead MoreEnzymes Of Health And Industry1695 Words   |  7 Pageschemical processes. Without enzymes we wouldn’t have cheese, detergent, or bread. We wouldn’t be able to drink milk or digest our food. Enzymes are often a forgotten part of our daily lives, but we couldn’t live without enzymes. Enzymes are natural catalysts that play a crucial role in the chemical processes of both our health and modern industry. Enzymes were first discovered by French chemists Anselme Payen and Jean Persoz. In 1833, Payen and Persoz isolated an enzyme complex called diastase fromRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Stanford Understudy Space Activity1451 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscretionary DNA strands (of direct length) in space. Cool eh? Ive been taking a shot at this venture throughout the previous eight months with a brilliant group of kindred programmers as a feature of the Stanford Understudy Space Activity, and Id get a kick out of the chance to share what were doing, what weve effectively done, and where were going. Why space? All things considered, above all else, space is cool. Be that as it may, all the more genuinely, access to self-assertive DNA in space

Karl Marx, A Communist Philosopher And Visionary - 1989 Words

Once, a spectre haunted Europe, that spectre was known as Communism. Terrible wages, diseased cities, chronic poverty, and inadequate suffrage defined life for Europe’s industrial working class for much of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. The demands of industrial capitalism drove the economic agenda which propagated the horrific maladies that plagued Europe’s poor. The advances of machinery and retooling of â€Å"production processes† generated higher â€Å"profits from producing things,† when compared to the previous models of capitalism. In this world the boot of capitalist greed seemed to crush the throats of the average worker. The laborers of capitalism found themselves doomed to destitution without any meaningful†¦show more content†¦Although a number of communist states once existed the number has dwindled significantly. The â€Å"world revolution† that Marx assumed would come to fruition never fully mate rialized, which by Marxist logical implied the proletariat uprising to topple capitalism has yet to occur. After the dissolution of Soviet Union in the 1990s and the economic opening of communist systems in the People Republic of China and the Soviet Union in 1978 and the mid-1980s respectively, it appeared that Marx’s ideological movement would only haunt the annals of history. However, even after the supposed death of â€Å"true† communism and Marxist systems, has capitalism truly triumphed over socialism and communism? Although it may appear capitalism is the obvious winner, this interpretation is overly simplistic, if not wrong. Capitalist societies instituted socialist and communist principles and policies into their own systems. The governments once responsible for the suppression of their citizens’ freedoms have progressed closer to the economic and societal systems proposed by communists such as Marx. A deviation away from the industrial capitalist structure that Marx knew is not only achievable, it is arguably already been achieved in some countries, wi thout Marx’s hypothesized bloody and violent â€Å"revolution.† Marx refused to acknowledge the permeation of the capitalist system with socialist

Digital Cameras and Technology - 919 Words

Thinking about the world today, it is obvious how much technology influences human life. Photography has become a great influence in the lives of humans today as well as it has with humans in the past. Cameras have made it possible to be able to remember things that have happened in the past with a visual perspective rather than with just memories kept in the mind or written on paper. As technology advanced it became more and more efficient to take, as well as view pictures. The change from film cameras to digital cameras have also made photo taking much quicker. This is the beginning of the digital camera revolution. Steve Sasson is the inventor of the digital camera. He was born on July 4, 1950 and was raised in Brooklyn, New York. Mr. Sasson attended a school called the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where he received his Bachelors degree as well as his Masters degree. He later joined the Kodak team in the year of 1973, and currently remains there still today. A very important part of the digital camera is known as the CCD, or charged-coupled device. Without this device the digital camera may very well not exist today. The CCD was invented in the year of 1969, by two men by the name of George Smith and Willard Boyle. This device was made in the Bell Laboratories, and was demonstrated on October 17, 1969. â€Å"The CCD is the heart of the digital camera development because it is the solid-state device that converts light into electronic signals† (Holwerda). This very firstShow MoreRelatedDigital Technology Has Caused Camera Abuse Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesThe usage of digital technologies on photography can be obstacle for people to memorize in some circumstances. The popularization of the photographic devises makes photography ubiquitous in recent years. Digital storage has broken the restriction of traditional films, so that many people take photos without making choices. There is no necessary to concern about what is worth to be taken with a n easily available devise and large storage space. It seems that every valuable thing and every importantRead MoreContrast and Similarities Between Digital and Film Cameras722 Words   |  3 Pagesand similarities between digital and film cameras Nowadays camera is very essential technology in our everyday life. But once upon a time, camera was very rare. Somebody had to go to studio to take his/her photo. This technology was also so complicated at that time. All cameras were either huge in size or immobile. But now we find camera everywhere. Presently, we can not think of any mobile phones or laptops without build-in camera. All classical cameras were film cameras and now we hardly findRead MoreKodak And The Digital Vision779 Words   |  4 Pagesthe digital technology world. However, their failure to implement the technology caused them to be behind its competitors. Although Steven Sasson invented the digital camera while working for Kodak in 1975, top management never believed in the technology (McAlone, 2015). Sasson told the New York Times â€Å"It was just a matter of time, and yet Kodak didn’t really embrace any of it. That camera never saw the light of day.† (McAlone, 2015, p.2). Kodak decided to implement a plan for the digital visionRead MoreThe Impact Of Photography On Digital Photography965 Words   |  4 PagesHerschel in 1839 (History of Photography and the Camera). It is a method of recording images by the action of light, or related radiation, on a sensitive material. The end of the 19th century was an important time in camera history. Shutters were incorporated into cameras, the size of the devices decreased and these moments set the stage for a new, ever-changing century of innovation in digital photography (From Shutters to DSLR). Digital camera technology was born out of the spy satellite program designedRead MoreKodak Vs. Digital Photography825 Words   |  4 Pageshave become the leader in consumer digital photography if they had followed the actions described below. Kodak’s top management and its internal research team had anticipated the threat from the digital photography to their film photography business way back in 1980s. In fact, Kodak introduced the world’s first electronic image sensor, which is the most crucial component of the digital photography. They also had developed numerous patented technologies in digital photography by 1989, many of whichRead More Digital Media in the Past and Present Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesDigital Media in the Past and Present In today’s world digital media are everywhere, TV, newspapers, advertisements, and magazines. Almost everywhere you look you will find some sort of digital technology. Digital technology has come along way since the beginning of its time in. Although computers were invented long before; digital technology didn’t start to shine its light until the early 80’s. Originally, NASA developed digital imaging for the US space program in the 1960s (History of the digitalRead More How Digital Processes Change Photography Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesHow Digital Processes Change Photography New technology is an ever present, always advancing force in today’s world. For this reason it is no surprise that in the last decade we have begin to see the rise of digital imaging in our lives. Put simply, digital imaging is the process of changing a visual imaging into a format that a computer can understand and interpret. Whether or not the image is captured by a digital device, such as a digital camera or camcorder, or it is transformed intoRead MoreEssay about Darkroom vs. Digital Photography1736 Words   |  7 PagesDarkroom vs. Digital Photography A hot topic among photographers is the ongoing debate of darkroom and digital photography. There are never ending lists of pros and cons for each method of photography, each fuelling the long lasting arguments. For a more thorough understanding of the two alternatives, a basic overview of how film cameras operate in comparison to digital cameras is given. Secondly, the pros and cons of darkroom photography are listed and examined. Thirdly the pros and cons ofRead MoreThe Necessary Nature Of Future Firms1399 Words   |  6 Pagesfuture. To elucidate on the point of being proactive, a literary review has been conduct on Digitization in the security industry, GPS technology, Cloud Base Services and Apps, Power over the Ethernet, Digital Cameras and network video recorders, and the concept of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED. Literary Review Digitization and information technology in the security industry. The security industry as with other industries are seeing technological advance and concepts that haveRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of Kodak Company1655 Words   |  7 Pages 2 The Kodak Company was founded by George Eastman, an America who was so attracted to still photography and cameras. He saw the Still camera as a fabulous invention, though with reservation that it does need to be modify. According to Eastman, the cameras at his time was bulky, heavy, and not user friendly to the average person; in 1879 he left the United States for London to establish a company that would inculcate these ideals

The Impact of Child Abuse in Human Development free essay sample

A study on child abuse and its affects on the growth of a child into a healthy adult. This paper explores the issues and long lasting results of child abuse to the individual being abused and the society as a whole. The paper defines the different types of child abuse: physical, verbal, emotional and sexual abuse. It describes the legal ramification of harming a child. The author finds that the long-term impact of child abuse on human development is the loss of an individuals ability to build and establish a healthy relationship (sexual or otherwise) with other people. Child abuse is an issue most people are concerned about today because of its serious, dangerous effects that can cause a burden in our society, including the family (especially the abused individual) and legal institutions. It is a social issue because it is widespread in occurrence in the American society, and is affective legally because of the violations the abuser makes to legal law since child abuse/maltreatment is treated as a crime in the justice system of United States. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Child Abuse in Human Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, an individual who has been subjected to abuse is also affected physically, emotionally, or psychologically.

Worlds Together, Worlds Apart free essay sample

During 1600-1750, the explorers from the countries of Europe continue to explore for new countries to populate and riches to export back to their country. Some of the reasons the Europeans felt enhanced to the natives they came upon were their superior technology and different religious beliefs. The civilizations of Asia and the Middle East remained within their natural boundaries because the leaders of Japan, China, India and the Middle East were comfortable within their countries.New ideas exchanged with the people of different cultures bring new learning, inventions, and technology specially to the growing cities of Europe. Europe becomes the center of wealth, power, and colonization. The need for silver, sugar, spices, silks, cotton and porcelain drove trade so that products from each global region could be found virtually every. here else. Silver allowed economies to become commercialism and began to strengthen the hand of European trade. Some states became stronger because of trade( England, France, Holland, Japan). We will write a custom essay sample on Worlds Together, Worlds Apart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Others became destabilize( the Mussels, the Mining, the Ottomans, the Safaris). European found wealth in the new worlds fertile ands by building plantations or harvesting furs. Wealth turned to military power very quickly. Economics and politics became closely intertwined with one providing resources and the other defense. Settlement of the Caribbean gave a boost to the African slave trade. Plantation managers worked slaves to death under horrifying living conditions, slaves worked six days a week morning to night.Slaves were transported to slave ports along the African coast where many died of hunger and disease waiting for a ships hold to be full. African slavers who captured and sold slaves to European buyers profited greatly. Regional leaders fought over control of the slave trade. Port cities harbored most wealth while the interior became penniless and stripped of its country population. The Dutch East India Company monopolized the spice trade of southeast Asia adopting aggressive policies against rivals. The Ottomans were forced to relinquish major European holdings due to poor leadership and economics becoming out of balance.The McHugh Empire taxed land owners and let trade come to India, this increased trade wealth, deed to the use of silver as the medium of exchange and provided new crops for Indian peasants. On the down side growing wealth among chinas local leaders weakened central control of the Mining and Mussels in India. Overseas trade produced no profits for the court but exceedingly enriched local merchants and smugglers. Chinas economy experienced rapid growth and associated problems. Silver imports stimulated growth and increased revenues but hurt the peasantry.China suffered from inflation when too much silver was injected into chinas domestic economy. Disruptions in the flow of silver from outside china also injured the local economy. Europeans has established considerable presence in Japan as traders and missionaries, constant fighting and competition disrupted stability. Japanese authorities banned Christianity which led to violent suppressions and expulsions of foreign missionaries. Under strict supervision only the Dutch could trade with Japan. Between 1600 and 1 750, religion, commerce, and warfare helped transform Europe and change the nature of political authority.

The Effect Of The North American P-51 Mustang On The Air War In WWII E

The Effect of the North American P-51 Mustang On the Air War in WWII Abstract This paper deals with the contributions of the P-51 Mustang to the eventual victory of the Allies in Europe during World War II. It describes the war scene in Europe before the P-51 was introduced, traces the development of the fighter, its advantages, and the abilities it was able to contribute to the Allies' arsenal. It concludes with the effect that the P-51 had on German air superiority, and how it led the destruction of the Luftwaffe. The thesis is that: it was not until the advent of the North American P-51 Mustang fighter, and all of the improvements, benefits, and side effects that it brought with it, that the Allies were able to achieve air superiority over the Germans. This paper was inspired largely by my grandfather, who flew the P-51 out of Leiston, England, during WW II and contributed to the eventual Allied success that is traced in this paper. He flew over seventy missions between February and August 1944, and scored three kills against German fighters. Table of Contents Introduction Reasons for the Pre-P-51 Air Situation The Pre-P-51 Situation The Allied Purpose in the Air War The Battle at Schweinfurt The Development of the P-51 The Installation of the Merlin Engines Features, Advantages, and Benefits of the P-51 The P-51's Battle Performance The Change in Policy on Escort Fighter Function P-51's Disrupt Luftwaffe Fighter Tactics P-51's Give Bombers Better Support Conclusion Works Cited Introduction On September 1, 1939, the German military forces invaded Poland to begin World War II. This invasion was very successful because of its use of a new military strategic theory -- blitzkrieg. Blitzkrieg, literally "lightning war," involved the fast and deadly coordination of two distinct forces, the Wermacht and the Luftwaffe. The Wermacht advanced on the ground, while the Luftwaffe destroyed the enemy air force, attacked enemy ground forces, and disrupted enemy communication and transportation systems. This setup was responsible for the successful invasions of Poland, Norway, Western Europe, the Balkans and the initial success of the Russian invasion. For many years after the first of September, the air war in Europe was dominated by the Luftwaffe. No other nation involved in the war had the experience, technology, or numbers to challenge the Luftwaffe's superiority. It was not until the United States joined the war effort that any great harm was done to Germany and even then, German air superiority remained unscathed. It was not until the advent of the North American P-51 Mustang fighter, and all of the improvements, benefits, and side effects that it brought with it, that the Allies were able to achieve air superiority over the Germans. Reasons for the Pre-P-51 Air Situation The continued domination of the European skies by the Luftwaffe was caused by two factors, the first of which was the difference in military theory between the Luftwaffe and the Royal Air Force. The theories concerning the purpose and function of the Luftwaffe and RAF were exactly opposite and were a result of their experiences in World War I. During WW I, Germany attempted a strategic bombing effort directed against England using Gothas (biplane bombers) and Zeppelins (slow-moving hot-air balloons) which did not give much of a result. This, plus the fact that German military theory at the beginning of WW II was based much more on fast quick results (Blitzkrieg), meant that Germany decided not to develop a strategic air force. The Luftwaffe had experienced great success when they used tactical ground-attack aircraft in Spain (i.e. at Guernica), and so they figured that their air force should mainly consist of this kind of planes. So Germany made the Luftwaffe a ground support force that was essentially an extension of the army and functioned as a long- range, aerial artillery. The RAF, on the other hand, had experimented with ground-attack fighters during WW I, and had suffered grievous casualty rates. This, combined with the fact that the British had been deeply enraged and offended by the German Gotha and Zeppelin attacks on their home soil, made them determined to develop a strategic air force that would be capable of bombing German soil in